3.He cleaned the floor and after some minutes he planted some trees in the garden. (BEFORE)

=> He cleaned the floor before planting some trees in the garden 

Giải thích : "before" được sử dụng để chỉ thời gian trước khi một hành động khác xảy ra. "He" đề cập đến người làm việc, "cleaned the floor" là hành động đã diễn ra trước, sau đó là "planted some trees in the garden"

4. Jim couldn't see the main part of the show due to the traffic jam. (WISHED)

=> Jim wished he could have seen the main part of the show, but he couldn't due to the traffic jam. Giải thích : Wished + would/could/should + have + past participle 

5."I know you hoped I would become a nurse, but that's not what I want," said the girl to her mother (REFUSED)

=> The girl refused her mother's hope that she would become a nurse.

Giải thích : Refused + to-infinitive

6. All the students are extremely excited as they are about to have a talk with astronauts from NASA (MOON)

=> All the students are over the moon as they are about to have a talk with astronauts from NASA.

Giải thích : "Over the moon" là một thành ngữ diễn đạt sự phấn khích cực kỳ. "As they are about to have a talk with astronauts from NASA" diễn đạt nguyên nhân gây ra cảm xúc phấn khích đó.

7. She is reading a book. The book is about the first Asian to travel into space. (WHICH)

=> The book she is reading is about the first Asian to travel into space

Giải thích : "Which" được sử dụng để thay thế cho "the book"

8. Professor Marshall has just retired. He taught us linguistics at Cambridge University. (WHO)

=> Professor Marshall, who taught us linguistics at Cambridge University, has just retired.

Giải thích : "Who" được sử dụng để thay thế cho "Professor Marshall"

9. This is his third book, the publication of which made such an impression. (WHOSE)

=> This is the third book whose publication made such an impression.

Giải thích :"Whose" được sử dụng để chỉ người sở hữu của "his third book"

10. Penny jumped out of the way so she wasn't hit by the falling branch. (AVOID)

=> Penny jumped out of the way to avoid being hit by the falling branch.

Giải thích :  avoid + V-ing

11. He prefers travelling on his own to spending time with others. (RATHER)

=> He would rather travel on his own than spend time with others.

Giải thích : "rather" được sử dụng để thay thế cho "prefer". "He would rather" diễn đạt sở thích hoặc ưu tiên của "he". "Traveling on his own" là điều mà "he" thích hơn. "To spending time with others" là hành động mà "he" không ưa thích.

12. "Are you thinking of changing your career to a new line?" I asked her. (WHETHER)

=> I asked her whether she was thinking of changing her career to a new line.

Giải thích : "whether" được sử dụng để giới thiệu một câu hỏi lựa chọn. "I" là người đặt câu hỏi, "changing your career to a new line" là nội dung của câu hỏi.