`1.` The  last time we paid a visit to Hanoi was two years ago.

`->` S + have/has not + P2 + for + time

`=` The last time + S + Ved/V2 + was + time + ago

`2.` How long has he worked as a swimming instructor?

`->` When + did + S + begin + to V?

`=` How long + have/has + S + P2?

`3.` Messi, who plays for Barcelona, Spain, is considered to be a genius soccer.

`->` who là đtqh dùng làm tân ngữ/chủ ngữ thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người

`4.` The plumbers who fixed the pipes in my house yesterday are careful.

`->` như câu `3`

1. The last time we paid a visit to Hanoi was two years ago.

The last time + S+ V2/ed + was + time 

2. How long has he worked as a swimming instructor?

How long + has/have + S + V3/ed? 

3. Messi, who we consider a soccer genius, plays for Barcelona, Spain.

N (người) +who + V 

4. The plumbers who fixed the pipes in my house yesterday are careful. 

N (người) + who + V 

V +ADV 

be + ADJ 

`color{orange}{~MiaMB~}`